# The past participle: -ado, -ido

> id: conjugation.nonfinite.participle · category: conjugation · depth: standard · levels: A2 · review: internally_reviewed

**Summary.** -ar verbs form it in -ado (hablado), -er/-ir verbs in -ido (comido, vivido). Invariable after haber; agreeing like an adjective elsewhere.

Formation is mechanical: stem + -ado for -ar verbs, stem + -ido for -er and -ir verbs. When the stem ends in a strong vowel, -ído takes an accent: leído, caído, oído, traído (but construido, no accent after u).

After haber, the participle never changes: hemos hablado, ella ha vivido. Used as an adjective or with estar/ser, it agrees in gender and number: la puerta está cerrada, casas construidas en 1980.

A dozen verbs have irregular participles (hecho, visto, dicho...) — see the irregular participles rule.

## Examples
- He vivido aquí tres años. — I have lived here three years. *(Invariable after haber.)*
- La tienda está cerrada. — The store is closed. *(Agrees as an adjective.)*
- Nunca he leído ese libro. — I've never read that book. *(Accent: leído.)*

Related: conjugation.perfect.irregular-participles, conjugation.perfect.present, conjugation.nonfinite.infinitive

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